wlentually tend to. shake l.l'N.‘.l.l in pieces ; the~woa.r cl"
. the wheels of the carriages also, by the blows, will

« . ‘Nothing, however, is of greater importance, in

' gresaive motion of the wheels, and which were to be

:.. . ...'..JZar_ious modifications of this mode‘of' fixing clue

jotfthose cheeks ll. perpendicular cavity is

-the chair in the proper position.

‘ lililifiid

‘AMERECAN lnA11.—RoA.nll Jonnlssrr. 

.-— ....

the other, a. continuauee~ of jolts and shakes isvfclt, so

, the carriagmwl-reels successively pass over each joint.

The injury caused to tho carriages, tliougli not in .
mediutely felt, yet, by frequent repetition, m.u>.=t o.

be considerable.

estimating the benefits obtained by this mode of‘ fix.
ing the tails, than the diminution of the resistance
opposed to the wheels of the carriages. Ivlany prac.
tical examples could be adduced wlioreftlie <litTerenc-c
has been found to be very great indeed; the projeu.
tions acting as successive obstacles to retard the pro.

surmounted at every joining.

rails have been attempted; to-describe the whole of
them would be impossible. M A  x - -  -«
' C and D, Fig‘. M7. Show two which ‘are ‘worth
notice. In the firt, the ends ofthe nails are square,
sirmlur to the old rolls; at each end at semicircular. in.
dentutlon is made, equal in diameter to the pin hole
in the chair; when the ends of the-two rails are laid
together, a circular hole is formed, through which
the pin is driven, passing through the chair on each
side of the roll; the pin has no ellbct in fastening‘
them together in the direction of their length, but
on when they are laid down they cannot separate in
that direction,_the pin will prevent their risin u p,
being the only way in which they have a. tendency to
separate. M D represents a mode of preventing the
mile from rising up without a pin ; the ends of‘ the
rails are cast in the form shown by the dotted lines,
one end having a convex projcc-.tion,~ whichfils into
a. concave indentation cast in the end ofthn adjoin.
lug rail; and the sides or checks of the chair keep.
ing the ends always opposite each other, the pro.
jectiug piece keeps the ends. of the rails in the some
lace. * - '
In all the chairs of these-f'or__rns which Ihave seen,
the basewhoreon the rails rested were flat. (Soc C
Fig. 7.) If the first rested or hung upon the pin

, only, the stone might then be depressed considerably",

without materially affecting‘ the joining, the stone
turning upon the pins: a. pivot or centre ; but if the
rails rest upon the fiat base of the chair, this cannot
take place without subjecting the pin to a. consider
able strain, and causing it to work itelf loose. _
Something of this takes place. though not to so
great an extent, in the Patent mode of Messrs." L.-osh
and Stephenson, for if the pin fill the hole through
the end of the rails and chair, the stone can only
move upon the pin asccentrc. If the rail then rest
upon the apex of the curve, and the stone becomes.

M depressed on one side, the apex bearing of the chili!

is not at liberty to move round the pin as a, centre,
beingprevented by the flat surface of the under side
of the rail, forming 8. tangent to the are it would de.
scribe; the ‘pin, in such cases, must therefore yield
to the action of the weight; and, consequently, rmvc
I. tendencysimilar to the rail above described; this,
however, is the only imperfection it has, for the '2.
verlap efi'ectua.lly prevents the distortion of the
joinings of the rails; whereas, in the other rnodus.
the ends 'nre'lia'.ble to rise and get out of the same
p ane.

rMr. Loch, in 1829, obtained a patent for at mode of

joining without the aid of a pin ; _in ‘this mode that
part of the base oftho chair whoreon the rail rests
is concave, the ends of the rails being. convex. Tlic
nil: are made with hnllilap joinings, the end of one

passing the other abo‘ut.thr'ee inches. _ . _ , .
 .. will .,.§l1u_s,w, the mode ofjoining, at b
are two endsof the - rail j,oiuing'ea'eh other, suppo.
sing them cut‘ ofi‘a.t_the'mlddle-l of the -hulflup’; ‘upon’
the outside of each rail u_circMu_la.fr projecting nob, 1: d",
is cast. on the inside of the rail 6, a; similar n'ob"¢:, is‘
cast, fitting into a corresponding co‘ncavi'..y.on the

“rail tr; when the rolls are kept together as shown‘

in the drawing, the nob rs prevepntsthe rails from
.beiMng*drn.wn asunder longitudinally. The chair is
made of the usual form with upright checks to keep
the ends of the rails together; on each of the sides
past for the
and d, which keep
The weight'_of'thc
rnil,.‘an‘d their connection with esch other, keeping

purpose of receiving the nob: c

.'them down upon the base of‘ the chair.

- _'I'he.obje.ot_ of all Ruil_-roads bei_ng_to present to the

wheel: of the oltrriages, a smooth, straight, and level

flirffI.§ttI..,nll depr.esaio_ns, _or_Mdlsplccement_0.t‘tlie. rails,
theref'o1to{defoa.t the object for-whiclr such-it road is
formed as soil; Mconuoquentlzr. .thei:fo_.rniation’numt be
on the '9ri‘ncliil9 of'.fsfrrsln M and ‘preserving such‘ It
unlnterrs'p}§‘§l.__asr

IA amp-a.

Rail-way, renders this "a task of no ordiuztry.=lifiicul.p.o_l’ any ioterrup-ti—ori, ‘by lisvinp; displaced" l.\l.t'J(:,li.a: to
ty, l’.crhaps.it 18 ul_most1mpossih_lo to form uu.;~.h.lright .'i.g:.in§ end, tl‘ie:c‘Fo':c‘, it ‘becomes: the m-:.-re
solutely perfect Ralhuviiy according to the 2.-.b0ve neczesssm-y to secure their porrm:r'.r;rit'si,;»bi§§M,» j:'j,'.‘jm,
principles. ylle. must, .thereiorc, endeavor to up-. first f_'s.ai‘inatiori. The xnc<lo“"bt' saunas;i1..,y.,,;;..,,,
p!‘Ux.ll-r.'la.i.G as nearly as possible [OWZl.l':'l.‘.S such ape:-. tlaoM«:h:'v.2'  siicwn in F, _M_!.v7g T’. ' ° U ‘~

- ~.

selves; either to form the joinings ofthc rails to tl.x.eltricd cl. \Fv’M.'1li_l2z:t.'.£-3 Colliery. r1'eu..- I‘?-yr-:;:«_m';,. .~
chairs, in sucha. rnzmner, thut the stone Sllf)'pUl.'i.ti(3iL‘i; 'l"ync, by Mr. G. Ill-ix on ;—~thc mills -.ve'-.*rc l:'~'.‘!’.ll‘s‘.u-l’
adapt themselves to the yielding off the ftlllllli‘-J.i.l0ll.l»l’lVi) fee»; in lcrigtlg; they were in};-gm! M:,,_=.‘..,~" 5‘
without disturbing the pcrullelisui of" the Hill ; or, l1:li€lup_’;ai t, xvii:-. .~i.~,-.4-.3 pin, dnl; «mg; of .;,'.,,1,,..;;, 
tlmt-the. stone supports be made of that size. ::..".d lm,jcc‘t_,i' -3 lacyclxtd the and .'if'tlic itdioiniznr C31}!-ii"-4,155.‘);
2:0 emb-added upon the foundation, that the wciglit o'il1.l; ' ‘ ;.~. M ' ' b ’ ‘
the carriages shall not he cupztblo of distui-him; men: ;:

 
   

rt
.-

    
   
  
   
  

 

ltelltlqi
+1 wliich latter case, the vjc-iuings ‘oi’ the rails to llfvlripl;
.r:h::.§:s must be such, that the action .of the c:=.m~i:: gttslilli-. 
Luis: not the power or" «leruiiging the conti:':ui.t‘y of the‘, 3,1,,
"'3-‘~L __ _ lr:,~.il.~‘ ‘aViIl‘i} ii _
_ To carry the former of these modes" into practice-,9 Lord U:n'lisle’.~;
cud. to preserve the lcontinuj  , ‘ '  ' l , '_ _, l _  p M “O.
and freedom, the'stone‘shnuld-be‘ capable of moving b!JfoI'.Fi tl1at,p*3:!'i0d ; he must ‘also nave been iizisled
round, orassuming any degree of inclination, to the as to their imrndmztion Mat Tindale Fell, cs, am;.~.rd_-
line of the road that might occur in practice, withoail ‘ing to the steteincnt oi" Mr.‘ Thompson, the pg-e,;,.,,¢
straining either the pin or distorting the ends uftlac agent, they were laidpdown on that Rail-road in 1808.

"karat"-vr:ess of, main; :21"-.l'.=.“‘=.L-'=.re'm.c9, am» pa.
- -r>.ls._. no-.l tin. 7 W‘:-*'l‘€ iciigliarccdod by
' '§'.trr;. M
oi‘-.+:ns<:n .'states, *.l.».--at ii*..«'ll.e:".':;?»-. imn
.!l'll'(-.)(lU(‘.'-Fl 'i1lJ‘)i..1i Ll.-_x_g E/ea";  at
'15‘-31!-3-l‘-’£>1‘lj2S.. ‘"1 Tind:.lo Fell. Cum.

*1

fectmn: two modes of eflbctmg tliis.suggestAtnr.m-;. A.in‘r*.i‘. t-—.-.r.:—.i.ar.yM'ye':-.r:.;‘ ago. inallouiale irox.: ms, _.,.;-,',.,, '

":I""2uir 2:-:=—3 wnsr :1r.ot.-,'.t an;-la. ii11;e’.,x,_ ‘

     

in g

very, large.

‘Where stone Mill rezidily.dbt_é,in,

‘wens the etc: use I 3»‘s£M:M_t_."«‘c;l'r'y'..

rails: to efiiact this, if the pin he made the centre of
motion, the under side of the rail should be a. portion
of the circumference of a circle, formed from the
pin as n. centre ;—-~the base of the chair could then be
either the apex of a curve, or a circular cavity cor

responding with the exterior semi-.circular surface
oftho rail. The tone might then be depressed on
either side, without straining the pin or dcrunging
the joints; or we might otherwise make the bear-
uucc of the rail upon the chair or pedestal the centre
of motion ; in such case, the pin-holc should be e. cir:
culur slit or opening, formed from the bearing upon
the chair as a centre. The pin being made ex'nc_tly~
to fit this cavity in a perpendicular direction. would
prevent the rails from starting upwards out of their
proper position, and the semi.circuln.r form would
ullow it to run longitudinally-——wlien the stone then
bocnxnedepressed towards one side, the chair could
then move round without injuring the pin, or deraug.
log the joints of the rolls. The form of chair D,
Fig‘. 7., ii‘ the bearance had been upon a. point in.
stead of u flat surface,-nearly partakcs of these pro-
parties without a pin, for then the chair would move
upon such point without ufi'e_cting the joinin gs of the
rails; but, in that case, the ends of the rails should
form an over-lap; or, if‘ the rails‘ rested upon the
top "of the choir, and the top was of a. circular forzri,
described, from the middle" of the chair as -at centre,
the bearanco -of the reilon the middle of the chair be.
' ' the apex. of 9. -curve, the same effect would tulgc
place. _ » — ' ' .

innumerable forms of joinings might be devised,
every one of which might, in some degree, effect
the purpose intended. The essential consideration
being to secure a. continued and permanent parallel-
ism in the rails, under every derangement that may
take place ol'— the supports on which they rest, it is
not enough that the beurin g be such, that the rails

Since that-perioti, they have been partially used in“
other places, but not ' A‘ ' '
G0_:1i.ly. ‘ ,

In October, 1820,“?/Ir. John Birkins‘naw.ot' the»

Bccllingtou Iron..w«‘:rhs, obtained at patent for an im .

-,~i-ovemeut in the form ofziialleable iron rails. .. The
:n'l,‘.::\pe of the mnllouhle iron rails previously used‘
were bars from two; to three feet long, and one oi-
fwo inches square ; but either the narmwncss ot"th.o-
surf-two produced such injury to the wheels, or by ‘m.
creasing their breadth the «expense became so great -
as to muke their cost greater than cast iron, whicl;
consequently was ‘preferred. , , M '

It w us to remedy these defects in the m'aIlaa,b1g
thrill, and at the same time sccuretlie same strength
as the‘ cast iron, that Mr. Birkinshuw made his rails
in the form of prisms, or similar, in shape to the cast-
iron. Fig.4. shows aside view of this ltindflof rail;
Fig. 5. it plan; and Fig. 6. a section of the some
rail, cut through the middle. " A

The mils are formed by passing barsof iron, when
red ‘hot, through rollers, with indentations or
grooves in their peripheries. corresponding to the
intended shape of the rails; the rails tliusformcd.
present the some surface to the bearing ofthe wheels,
and their depths being ,regulcjted,‘uccording-r.to-the
distance from the point of. bearing, they also present
the strongest form of‘ section. with -the _least=mst.erlal.
The mode of rolling these bars or "rails,-and ‘giving’
the.m' the gradual! swell towards the middle, not only

ll! commencing at each support, gradually inoreas.
ing to the centre, and then‘ again, tapering away
towards the point of'support,Iure veryingenious, and
has paved the way fora imilar extension iufthe use "
of wrought iron, in many cases where ‘the simple
form heretofore efi'ected in rolling it, rendered it in.
applicable’. They are generally Formed in-lengths

are all in the nine plane when the stones on which
they rest "are in good order or in their proper position,
parallel with the line of the road : the parcllelisun oi‘
the rails should be preserved, when, by the yielding
of the ground, or from any other cause, the stones
are displaced from their proper position, and they
are made to form a considerable angle with the line
of the road. It would not have been necesary to
have been thus diffuse on this point, had I_ not found
that several, even of the ‘most modern, formt_3.ofcheir,
were cvlde_ntlyM formed contruryto this principle :--

" mcny, -~withM'Mu‘view“of oiiusing_th_e mode of jjoiningto

keeptbe su'pport'or'stone‘in its proper 'po‘sif.ibn,-;rn.‘
l.lll!'rM_fl;_l‘l_t'J.~’_:l‘ allowing. -it to udep__t__itsel£r_;e tliq. _-l1_na9_aId‘l‘.
b1'a»yii:Iding of this’: ground 49h? which" 11:1... re's.I=:!»_- 0r P,“
rallel with the.rail :. but the _ least oonsideratioiawill
evince r-the futllityofthis, especially when.-the~y.1eldi~'
lug of the ground causes the stone to rest entirely
on one side; it will at once be seen, that when _the
citrriages come upon the rails, something must yield
and give way, by the great strain thrown upon the
f'sste'niug from the oblique action of the weight. ‘
Mr. ,Steph_cnson has, informing the greatest part
of the'Liverpool and _Manchester Rail.way, _a.dopter.l
the latter mode, and has _end,ea.voprod,torobvia.tc_those
dilliculties and impcrfectio’ns,3by. melting the ._block'r
n.nd_emboddi_ngt_them? firmly upon. the, 311 1'»

face of the road ;. in,.the,'_,ho‘poe t-l1et;tl’1M‘9 _ V
carriages will "have ,no.cti'oct ‘in displacing ’t.liIa_u,L-;—
M_d', though.-Bxpepnsive an
the first forxtla-lio‘nM;M this mode:will,'§l,Q.§.’~§lol1l«1l:s“b'e
menu,u1n.gmge1y__;tc;bg_.his ._xi1_C.l._€.‘.lv.-l1._.*'=.Y_l,4?§¥.-§.lii‘l ;«__ ..<35P%cit_1_l;
ly if proM'per aim-’ 'iizf'taMl,ien,t9*k'*3’_¢!rl' ll19'7_tilllf“°°,v-. 59'?»
v ‘i ‘ om ca.-men: z2v.9..te?»-.-e
f¥l'll§l‘§=’l3ll9‘»l§l'%l§il » as esp:

AL‘: is:  dbl‘ Ilflflflll .

so  ‘Th‘enr.3sra min

hasmu.tteis§;rrs:

new H-ll):

.w'ei'ght- of the 1°ngitsidi?!_alcavityM.

oftwclve to fifteen feet, as represented in theulrcw.
ing, and subdivided into bearing lengths of three feet.

each; but the pctentee adds, in his specification, '
“ the respective rails may be made of considerable *

length, (eighteen feet I should recornmcnd,) by
which the inconvenience of nurnerous joints is re,
duced: and, consequently, the sl1oclcs_.or.jolts"to
M the joints, (very much to theinjury of the rriachine-_
l ry,)_ are also diminished. And in order still further

road, I propose to wulcl théenda of-the bars together
as " tlieys a_re='-Ia-id__ _dow'n,_"so ‘as’ to -formed
loo gth _ofiron- rfuil __in’ponMe"piece.”_ ' " 

are square _ut the ends, sijnilar to the old rail‘s;.but
[see no great d_ifi'lculty in ‘formingthem with e half
lap, or-d thus giving them the same superiority of
joining 0.3 possessed by the improved cast irou.r.1ilc_..

F, Fig. 7. will show thcmode-of joiningtlie“
wrought iron 1-ailnto the chair, or-__pe.de_st_a.ls.: In
passing the rails through the'ro'1lors,. u-lat3ci?ai;l_pro-
jectiuu is rolled upon one 'aide,,~-the upper‘ p‘:._n-t of
.whiefih. is pnrlillsl. withthe ‘top of the,‘ mil,-'a1':_3 secnjgiu
Fig. 4.‘ ‘ On one .s_ide,of'-“tho cheelc’o’f'_ the pedestal
e_{ccvity= is cast, equal‘ in"sr2e_‘w‘itl__i_.__ _t_h e‘ .projecti_on_ on
the M side arms’ rail. , On the i'othei,ic-lleelt-;, it _sim'ilnr~
M 5; is cost for the .purpo.s_e_n__f. receiva.
mg on "iron V"-ski.-yr ‘When "tl1e-*_-rail'".»i:< lcidtinto the
.c'hair.A_t!ie;k¢y._is_' drivf-W W9.-:¢l!9 vcavily 5- WW1!
pressihgn cinch-"tho, si¢_i.¢-inf the-rail. i’o_'rcas_tl_1s prcg
jegztiion gtflntg._‘ltll6._‘;BitVll7M9¥}‘lil'l_fi 0ppfi'§llB_’la‘-ltllis um.
iii.-;s:"_‘c.~,!.3»;‘s==:‘.e:.*.r:s.z2s1:!.r-.‘-ascvrsaths - an-ll ‘free.’ ones 
‘£:’l.:l.e.ia. zl:a;rssl1;mlf,;,s;s:~.ln _‘ fssnplfisl  st.
-n§ns.=t.zas-':ls§rs:£srnl ‘ml it;-sussl4sstsr.i’isi.z«t-'32:
. outlier ‘mmzln

  
   
   

-' ‘ .


hv liiir. ‘mirth .§s.slmuvn'ln 1%;

to any e.ttent,_until .very're.' .

in the 'liorizontu_.'l: section‘, but also it 1a.teral,..swelI V’

ivhiclrtlsc cnrriag,*es'cre ‘subject from "passing over -

to remedy the evil arisingfrom the jolnts'Moftl1e.Reil—-
-c-considerable“

-I T1ie"jpiniqg_s*-.-_a1_'-. , tl1.‘o.s.¢;..=r;'zi_1i;r,-~‘.us,ihesvn gig -iF_ig.-.35. -.